Gwadar Social Sciences Review (University of Gwadar)
Gwadar Social Sciences Review (Online ISSN: 3006-2578, Print ISSN: 3079-2819) Gwadar Social Sciences Review is a Bi-annual research journal that encourages Quality research articles in social sciences. The journal will accept quantitative and qualitative original papers in Marketing, Accounting and Finance, Human Resource Management, Supply chain, Management, Economics, Education, Commerce, English literature, and History.
Personal Selling Strategies and Performance of Pharmaceutical Companies in Karachi
The main purpose of my research is to find the impact of personal selling strategies and performance of pharmaceuticals companies in Karachi. This research has been done on the primary, which was collected through survey forms. The data was collected from pharmaceutical employees, sales representatives, sales team, doctors and patients also. The sample size collected for this research is 531. The data of this research was analyzed with the help of statistical package for social sciences 24 (SPSS) software. The analyzed data is also represented in the form of tables. The findings from this study are that pharmaceutical companies are actively using personal selling strategies to gain the market share and also to increase the sales volume of their products. These strategies help us to understands the mentality of the buyer and also help us to improve our products according to their needs. The limitations of this research are that it is only belonging to the pharmaceutical companies running in Karachi. The outcome or results is only suitable for these pharmaceutical companies, not suitable for textile or banking sector. The pharmaceutical companies which also adopt contemporary approaches to increase sales. Pharmaceutical companies should also work on research and development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gwadar Social Sciences Review (University of Gwadar) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact Of Unethical Marketing on Public Health by Pharmaceutical Companies in Karachi
The purpose of my research is to study the impact of unethical marketing on public health by pharmaceuticals companies in Karachi. The study has been conducted by using the primary data. The data was collected with the help of questionnaire from patients, medical representatives and doctors. The sample size was 387. The data was analyzed by the help of regression and descriptive analysis. Charts and tables were also used to explain data more accurately. The study was designed that the unethical marketing is impacting the public health. The findings result in which is the factors which were involved in damaging the public health. It also indicates that unethical marketing should be avoided. Therefore, it was distinguished that public health of the society is greatly impacted by unethical marketing practices of pharmaceutical companies. Findings of this investigation were bound to the pharmaceutical firms operating in Karachi. The study was only suitable for pharmaceuticals companies and findings of the study is also not valid for others sectors like agriculture and banking. There are several companies who should not use unethical marketing. They should focus on research and development and updated clinical trials to promote drugs.
Corporate Social Responsibility, Firm Performance, and Market Capitalization: Evidence from Pakistan
The role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in shaping firm performance has been extensively debated. While CSR is often associated with reputational benefits and long-term growth in developed markets, its short-term impact on market valuation in emerging economies remains contested. This study empirically investigates the relationship between CSR and market capitalization in Pakistan, using a balanced panel of ten firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) from 2010 to 2016. Market capitalization is modeled as a function of CSR disclosure (dummy variable), return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and Tobin’s Q. Panel regression models, including log–log, log–lin, and linear specifications, were applied. The results reveal that CSR and ROA negatively and significantly influence market capitalization, while Tobin’s Q shows a strong positive effect. ROE is positive but insignificant. Diagnostic tests confirm the robustness of the models. Findings suggest that CSR in Pakistan is undervalued by investors due to disclosure gaps and short-term market orientation. Recommendations are provided for firms, regulators, and policymakers to improve CSR transparency and integration into market valuation
Consumer acceptance on the usage of reverse vending machine (RVM)
Plastic bottles are broadly used in Pakistan. Commonly, the plastic bottles are made up of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a biodegradable material. Because of the non-availability of a powerful incentive scheme, these recyclable plastic bottles are often disposed of in landfills. This paper suggests a feasibility study of building acceptance in consumer to use reverse vending machine (RVM) in order to have a sustainable and green environment. The purpose of this research is to find out the impact of consumer acceptance (i.e. awareness, incentives, convenience and environmental consciousness) on the usage of reverse vending machine and moderating effect of brand endorsement on the usage of RVM. The study involves target audience of age group 18-50 who were gone through a survey questionnaire. Sample size taken was of 261 respondents and both the models of PLS SEM (measurement and structural) were used to carry out the analysis. The results showed that awareness and incentives did not impact consumer acceptance to the usage of RVM but convenience and environmental consciousness have the strongest impact on our target audience. Besides this our results derived that brand endorsement does not strengthen awareness and consumer acceptance on the usage of RVM. This study aims to create a better environmental practice in the city of lights. Government must actively install the RVMS in different locations with respect to the convenience of consumers in fostering environmental sustainability and community participation. Managers shall proactively include reverse vending machine integration into their organization's strategy as an essential part of corporate social responsibility (CSR).
Women Leadership in FMCG Firms: A Systematic Literature Review
Leadership has long fascinated scholars, policymakers, and practitioners due to its critical role in shaping organizational performance and culture. The conceptualization of leadership has evolved significantly, shifting from a trait-based understanding to a process-oriented phenomenon that emphasizes influence, collaboration, and adaptability. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to examine the barriers and opportunities for women in leadership positions within FMCG firms, with particular attention to developing country contexts. This study adopts a systematic literature review methodology. Academic databases such as Elsevier, Sage, Wiley, Blackwell, Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press, and Springer were searched using keywords including “women leadership,” “FMCG firms,” “gender diversity,” and “underrepresentation of women in management.” The search was limited to peer-reviewed journal articles in English, with no restriction on publication year to capture both historical and contemporary perspectives. This systematic review highlights that women’s underrepresentation in FMCG leadership stems from cultural, structural, and organizational barriers. However, evidence strongly supports the benefits of greater gender diversity in leadership. For Pakistan and other developing countries, adopting supportive policies—such as flexible work arrangements, mentorship programs, and gender-sensitive recruitment practices—can help bridge the leadership gap.
SCOR Implementation for Improved Efficiencies in Automotive Industry of Pakistan
This study aimed to streamline the adoption of the SCOR (Supply Chain Operation Reference Model) in the Automotive Industry. It is noteworthy that this model had not been previously implemented in the context of the Pakistan Automotive Industry, making it relatively unfamiliar among professionals in the sector. The study was designed to assess various facets of Supply Chain processes, focusing speciϐically on inbound supplies such as CKD parts, material handling, and the logistical packing of received CKD lots. The investigation identiϐied several prevalent issues within the automotive industry's Supply Chain processes. Building upon these upstream challenges, the study established its objective and subsequently developed a research methodology. Consequently, an As-Is model of the existing Supply Chain procedures was constructed, with particular emphasis on the receipt of raw materials, encompassing CKD packing, unboxing, and addressing the issue of missing parts in CKD lots. The qualitative data analysis tool was employed to collect both current data and historical trends related to the identiϐied problem. Additionally, the SCOR model was implemented to analyze processes directly linked to the problematic aspect of the study, speciϐically within the Plan and Source phases. This strategic application of the SCOR model aims to enhance and streamline these critical processes. A To-Be model has been formulated to meet the new requirements and fine-tune all supply chain activities in accordance with the proposed model. Subsequently, post SCOR implementation to discern differences between current and previous results will be checked. This approach aims to measure the effectiveness and evaluate the performance of the model, thereby identifying improvements in the processes.
The Impact of Supply Chain Uncertainty on Performance: Exploring the Mediating Role of Visibility
This study explores the impact of supply chain uncertainties—economic, demand, and technological—on the performance of oil marketing companies (OMCs) in Pakistan’s Petroleum Industry, while highlighting the critical mediating role of supply chain visibility (SCV). A quantitative research design was employed, gathering responses from industry professionals and analyzing the data through Smart PLS-4. Results demonstrate that uncertainties significantly disrupt supply chain performance. However, SCV effectively mitigates these challenges by enabling better decision-making, enhancing collaboration, and fostering operational agility. The study underscores the importance of adopting advanced technologies, such as IoT and blockchain, to strengthen SCV and build resilient supply chains. By addressing key challenges in the petroleum sector, this research provides actionable insights for OMCs to optimize their strategies, improve performance metrics, and navigate the complexities of an uncertain and volatile business environment.
Investigating the Causes of the Low Rate of Female Literacy at the Secondary School Level in District Panjgur
The research was based on ϐinding the causes of the low literacy rate of females at the secondary level in Panjgur, which is a very effective and important parameter for measuring a society's social development. Literacy also explains the fundamental reasons for social problems like political unawareness, crime rate, and terrorism, which have become cancer. Qualitative data and thematic analysis were applied. Semi-structured is used for the data collection process. The study's findings concerned these major issues: Poverty, Lack of awareness, Gender discrimination, Government mismanagement, and lack of awareness. Respondents from two government girls' schools of Municipal Committee Khudabadan District Panjgur were chosen. Most respondents opined that poverty was the major reason and linked it with the government's responsibility to eliminate poverty. The second major reason that people opined was gender discrimination. They believed there was a need for a social and religious campaign to avoid further damage in this regard. Apart from the semi-structured interviews were conducted. They said lack of awareness was a major reason behind low literacy. After reviewing the opinions of teachers, parents, and students, we conclusively conclude that though core causes exist, the country's illiteracy elimination needs a huge state-sponsored effort. This study critically analysed poverty, gender discrimination, and government mismanagement as the most important reasons. Governments should undertake multi-pronged policies in this regard, with a particular focus on excluding Finance from education, either directly or indirectly, and also need to use the services of religious scholars to spread the message about the importance of education.
Impact of financial inclusion and Fintech adoption on the bank risk taking – evidence from the banking system in Pakistan
This study explores the relationship between fintech adoption (FTA) and financial inclusion (F. Incl), and between FTA/ F. Incl and the Default risk, leverage risk and portfolio risk. This study performed empirical analysis on DR, LR, and PR, as well as fintech adoption and F. It included data. This study performed PCA factor analysis and then examined the relationship between the variables using panel data regression with OLS. This study used the Firm size (FZ), GDP growth (Gr) rate and the Interest rate (Ir) as the control variables. This study found and concluded that a very positive relationship exists between fintech adoption and the F. Incl of the data. At the same time, the fintech and Interest rate have inverse relations with the DR, LR and PR. At the same time, the F.Incl and the Interest rate have inverse relations with the DR PR and LR of the firm. Future studies can be done with more bank samples or sectors and more economies in the sample. Further research can be possible by using Islamic banks for separate studies, a multivariate analysis technique, or qualitative data collection methods. This study has examined the impact of FTA and F. Incl on the bank risk in the presence of control variables which according to our information neither study has checked so far this study has used the fintech adoption which different from the other variables this study has examined the banking sector by taking three risks at a time which according to our best of knowledge neither study has studied.
Freedom of Speech vs. Hate Speech: A Legal Perspective in Pakistan
Freedom of expression is a prerequisite right incorporated in Article 19 of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973. Nonetheless, it is governed by legal limitations especially concerning matters of national security, morality of the public, and religious sentiments. This article explains the legal parameters for freedom of speech and hate speech in Pakistan’s context in terms of constitutional provisions, the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC), the PECA 2016, and the ATA 1997. Those legal provisions, intended to prevent violence and maintain order, are sometimes vaguely defined and misapplied, leading to more violence and social discord, and restricting fundamental freedoms and human rights. The heretofore study also analyzes the United States and European legal systems in comparison and points out the necessity of a moderate way of safeguarding free speech and combating hate speech. This paper offers conclusions with policy recommendations that support more precise legal and judicial provisions, greater public education, and digital responsibility in order to avoid the misuse of freedom of expression for incendiary purposes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Gwadar Social Sciences Review (University of Gwadar) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Taiwan – A Strategic Trigger Point in the South China Sea: Impacts on Western Pacific Security
South China Sea (SCS) stands as a critical geopolitical hotspot, fraught with historical territorial disputes and escalating tensions among powerful nations, posing a significant threat to regional stability. Geo-political and geo-strategic environment of SCS is shaped by Taiwan conflict. Strategic community of US and China would resort to every possible option to stay away from war. However, as military theorists said the best way to avoid the war is to demonstrate war. Along with this intent both China & US continuously enlarging military capabilities in SCS convincing each other not to go for the option of military conflict. This study aims to investigate genesis of Taiwan conflict, disputing claims of various actors, and drivers of US involvement. The significance of this research lies in its analysis to holistically cover the implications for Western Pacific strategic environment. Theoretical framework entails theory of strategic triangle whereas the methodology is qualitative in nature. Ultimately, research underscores imperative of proactive diplomacy and crisis management strategies to mitigate risks of conflict. It concludes by advocating for preservation of international norms and exploration of alternative security frameworks to uphold peace and stability in South China Sea.
Taiwan, China, United States, South China Sea, Sovereignty, Strategic Stability
Political Economy of Regional Trade and the Significance of Gwadar
This research delves into the political economy of regional trade, with a particular focus on the strategic importance of Gwadar. It aims to examine how the development of Gwadar as a key port influences trade dynamics, fosters regional economic integration, and affects geopolitical relationships. The study investigates the diverse impacts of Gwadar on trade routes, cost efficiencies, and economic growth in Pakistan and the surrounding regions. By blending economic and political factors, this research offers a comprehensive analysis, utilizing the latest data and developments to provide an updated perspective on Gwadar's role in regional trade networks. Additionally, the research explores the consequences of Gwadar's development on regional rivalries, especially between Pakistan, India, and China, and its potential to alter trade flows and economic partnerships. A key aspect of this research is a comparative analysis of Gwadar with other major regional ports, such as Chabahar in Iran, highlighting the unique advantages and challenges of Gwadar. This holistic approach aims to present new insights into the political economy of regional trade, with Gwadar serving as a crucial case study.
Impact of Sales Promotion Strategies on Consumer Buying Intention in FMCG (Personal Care) Sector of Pakistan
This study explored consumer perception of sales promotions on enhancing their purchase intention related to the personal care sector in the FMCG industry in Pakistan. The study found out how different promotional tools like coupons, BOGO offers (buy one get one free), price discounts, free samples, and flash sales impact consumer purchase intentions by using a quantitative study. Through literature review, five hypotheses were developed then the primary data were collected from 360 respondents living in Karachi, Pakistan employing a convenience sampling technique then descriptive statistics, reliability, and multiple linear regression analysis were conducted in SPSS 26. The results showed that price discounts, flash sales, free samples, and BOGO offers significantly affect consumer purchase intentions; however, coupons do not affect consumer purchase intentions. Marketing managers can use this information to improve their promotional activities and generate increased consumer engagement, leading to increased sales and profitability in the long run. Thus, this research is useful for theory as well as for marketing managers to efficiently and effectively utilize different promotion tools.
Trans-Regional Connectivity Plans in Eurasia’s Heartland and the Role of CPEC/Gwadar
Connectivity has been the driving force behind the transformational changes taking place in Eurasia’s heartland i.e. Central Asia. Global and regional powers including China, Russia and European Union have initiated their own connectivity plans to link Central Asia for its resource base as well as to use the region as a transit hub due to its geography. The regional organizations such as Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) and Central Asian Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) have also initiated plans to develop complementary trade and transportation corridors to link Central, South and West Asia. Consequently, an integrated system of east-west trans-continental trade and logistic corridors are bieng developed linking China, Central Asia, Europe and West Asia. Still an important link i.e. to connect these east-west trans-continental trade and logistic corridors with trans-oceanic corridors in the north-south direction via Afghanistan and Pakistan to South Asia and Indian Ocean is underdeveloped. Converged interests of major regional powers in a changed regional context present an opportunity to develop this link in southern direction. Central Asian Republics are also looking keen to revive this historical outlet and open up in the southern direction in an altered regional geo-economic and geo-political configuration. The southern link complements the connectivity plans of CARs, major powers and regional organizations in developing trans-regional connectivity in the heartland. Pakistan also seems enthusiastic to develop the Pakistan-Afghanistan Central Asia trade and logistic corridor to supplement CPEC and to give greater impetus to trans-regional connectivity by linking trans-continental corridors with trans-oceanic corridors through Gwadar efficiently. The approach in study has been explanatory and exploratory employing qualitative methodology.
Critical Analysis of Multifaceted Approaches to Combatting Child Labor in Lakki Marwat, Pakistan
Child labor, a global violation of human rights, hinders the development of countless children worldwide. This research delves into its complex dimensions, focusing on Lakki Marwat, Pakistan. Emphasizing the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, it underscores the urgency of protecting children from exploitative practices. Differentiating between beneficial child work and harmful labor, it utilizes the ILO's Minimum Age Convention to grasp its regulatory complexities. Lakki Marwat emerges as a critical area, where despite legal frameworks, millions of children endure various industries, perpetuating cycles of poverty. The study highlights the urgent need to address child labor, accentuating its adverse effects on Pakistan's economy and literacy rates. It identifies challenges like infrastructural deficiencies exacerbating the issue. Advocating multifaceted intervention, it stresses holistic strategies combining legislative enforcement, social protection, and education initiatives. Collaborative efforts among governmental bodies, civil society, and international stakeholders are urged. In conclusion, the research calls for concerted action to eradicate child labor, prioritizing children's rights and addressing socio-economic disparities for a future free from exploitation.
Vaccine Hesitancy among University Students: A Qualitative Study in Makran Division, Balochistan
Although the government of Pakistan applied several undesirable consequences for the unvaccinated citizens, a very small portion of the population is fully vaccinated till now. That is very less as compared to its neighbouring countries such as China, Iran, and India. The most important reason of less number of vaccinated people is vaccine hesitancy in the country. The current study tried to know the reasons of vaccine hesitancy among undergraduate students in Pakistan, especially in Makran division. Balochistan has very little data regarding vaccination but vaccine hesitancy is worsening the situation. This research was conducted among the university students in Makran Division of Balochistan to find out the situation of hesitancy between both medical and non-medical students. The research focused on their ratio and the other basic causes of vaccine hesitancy. This study was both qualitative as well as quantitative in nature. The data were collected by developing interview schedules contained both structured and semi-structured questions. The participants were selected through purposive sampling techniques. After collection of data, the collected data were put in SPSS software and frequency, and percentage of data were drawn and also thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. The results found that the vaccination rate between medical and non-medical students was not that different. The outcomes of the study suggested that there were different causes of vaccine hesitancy, such as lack of knowledge, wild rumours and lack of trust among people regarding vaccination. It is recommended that the policy makers and government should develop trust among youth about COVID-19 vaccination.
The Impact of Social Media on Student’s’ Academic Performance at Undergraduate Level at University of Turbat
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of social media on the academic performance of students in the Department of Education at the University of Turbat. The research employed a quantitative approach and followed a descriptive research design. The target population of the study consisted of 100 students. The objectives of the research were: (i) to determine the impact of social media on academic performance, (ii) to identify the extent to which social media inϐluences students, and (iii) to assess whether the use of social media has a positive effect on students’ academic performance. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered to a sample of 100 male and female students selected through a simple random sampling technique. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The ϐindings of the study indicate that social media has a positive impact on students’ academic performance
The Impact of Low Self-Esteem on Student Academic Learning Performance at University Level
The current study was presented to assess the effects of low self-esteem on students’ academic performance among university students. Low self-esteem deals with relationship between motivation, self-assurance and overall academic achievement. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there may be a connection between low self-esteem and academic learning performance at university level. The research was conducted in University of Turbat, Turbat District Kech. Researchers used methodology regarding descriptive research and research tool was developed in questionnaire form with a ϐive-point Likert scale to ϐind results on the basis of ϐindings and conclusion. A total of 107 students' sample was taken from target population 54 students from B.Ed. 6th and 53 from B.Ed. 4th among the total population 55 were males and 52 were females. After the analysis of data, it was found that overall academic engagement and low self-esteem had a liner relationship to each other at university level and the low self-esteem is affecting the academic performance of the learners negatively.
The Impact of Digital Marketing and Digital Channels on Customer Purchase Decisions
Digital marketing is the most effective and modern tools for the marketing industry. This highly impact the purchase decision of the customer. Firms uses different strategies related to the marketing to attract the customers for the purchase of their products. This study aims to investigate the impact of the digital marketing channels on the customer purchase decision making. Quantitative approach is applied to the following study the data was collected through an online questionnaire that was designed focusing on three main variables of our research, Digital marketing, Digital channels, and customer purchase decision. The questionnaire was uploaded on different social media websites and the data was collected through nonprobability convenient sampling and all those participants that are engaged in buying products from digital channels due to digital marketing were asked to fill the online questionnaire as a result of which 141 responses were collected and recorded in the SPSS software. The results of this study has found that digital marketing channels has a highly significant impact on the decision making of the customer regrading their purchase.
Director’s Pay and Firm’s Performance – Comparative Study of Auto Sector Firms of Two Emerging Markets
This study aims to explore the relationship between Directors' Remuneration (DR) and financial performance (CP) of the Indian and Pakistani automobile firms. This study performed the empirical analysis on the Director’s remuneration data and created the link with the firm accounting indicators ROA and ROE. Besides Correlation analysis between DR and ROA, ROE was performed for analysis of the relationship among variables. This study used the Firm size (FZ) as the moderator and found important results. From the accounting indicators of ROA and ROE, this study found a positive relationship between DR and ROA ROE of the firms of two emerging countries. This study found a negative relation between FZ with ROA and ROE of the firms. Future studies can be done by more no of companies sample or sectors and taking more economies in the sample. Further research can be possible by using non-cash-based compensation, a multivariate analysis technique, or qualitative data collection methods. The present study explained the relationship of DR and ROA, ROE of the automobile sector of two emerging economies by taking FZ as the moderator which is none of the studies in both countries has been so far. This study has also checked the effect of FZ on the intrinsic or accounting basis performance of the companies. This study can be a guide for new investors or policymakers for the automobile sector of both countries.
Impact of per Capita GDP on School Life Expectance and Gender-Base Literacy rate
The main aim of the study is to evaluate the relationship between per capita GDP and gender-based literacy rates as well as school life expectancy. The study approach is described in completely filled, along with each step of instrumental growth and expansion, and the benefits and drawbacks of the selected strategy are also covered. The study looks at how per capita GDP affects gender-based literacy rates and how it relates to school life expectancy using quantitative approaches. The study uses statistical analysis to produce observations and insights, and it is based on SPSS data that the university has provided. In analyzing the effect of per capita GDP on gender-based literacy rates and school life expectancy, the present paper effectively applies statistical methodologies and provides insightful information on the research issue and study methodology as a whole. The research's results suggest that differences in per capita GDP did not appear to have a significant effect on gender-specific literacy or educational duration because the models utilized for regression did not find statistical relevance in per capita GDP.
Adapting Supply Chain Management with Demand-Led Material Requirements Planning to Take on the Challenges of COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a global impact on supply chains from December 31, 2019. The disruption of the supply chain originated in China and subsequently propagated worldwide due to increasing shutdowns and closures. Some companies experienced a decline in demand, while others saw a significant increase in revenue. The companies that undermine demand were unable to acquire raw materials due to shortages, while others faced challenges with logistics. The COVID-19 pandemic introduces new challenges in the realm of Demand Driven Material Requirement Planning (DDMRP), which aids organizations in maintaining operational efficiency and gaining a competitive edge. This study examines the present state of the organization and the adoption of DDMRP through the utilization of two distinct forms of data. Here is the secondary data obtained using quantitative research methods, including the use of company databases and reports. This study explores the effects of using DDMRP (Demand-Driven Material Requirements Planning) in supply chain management. The project aims to optimize cost and improve corporate performance by implementing the revolutionary software, which serves as an alternative component for managing inventories.
Prevalence of Child Marriages and its Socio-Economic Impacts
Child marriage is a broad societal phenomenon that has existed in every part of Pakistan since its inception of the country. This study demonstrates a male-dominated society of Makran, where the social, economic, and psychological perspectives of child marriage, are day-to-day issues faced by most of the areas. The impacts on the health of brides during pregnancy and their education will be focused on in the aforesaid research. Albeit, this article based on qualitative and quantitative approaches by conducting in-depth interviews at the union council level. The findings of this study will be used for the legislature as the existing laws are not adequate to with-strain child marriage. The illiteracy and lack of awareness are reasons that most cases of child marriages go unreported, thenceforwards, it has caused mental and physical impacts on children; However, this present study will expose the potential outcomes and will be used to overcome the challenges. This research, too, will examine the consequences of child marriages and their effect on the economy, thenceforth, the research will be beneficial for the needful. This paper will contribute to a lasting impact on child marriage and oblige the concerned authorities to get rid of such illicit cases and bring children into a fascinating and delightful society.
Modelling the Empirical Impact of Oil Prices Volatility on Stock Exchanges: A Case of a Developing Nation
Petroleum products are considered one of the most important factors affecting any economy around the globe. That is why any change in its prices affects all other economic variables. Furthermore, the health of any given stock of the organization reflects the investor’s trust and belief in the good performance of the organization. The study is an effort to gauge the impact of change in oil prices. The aim of the study is to measure the magnitude of the relationship between the volatility of local oil selling prices fixed by the government versus the change in stock prices of the oil marketing companies. The given study based on the secondary data aims to examine the impact of change in Petrol a.k.a. Premier Motor Gasoline (PMG) and Diesel a.k.a. High-Speed Diesel (HSD) prices from Jan 2019 to Feb 2022. Since, the nature of the study is quantitative, therefore deductive approach has been used. The data has been extracted from OGRA price notification for the oil prices within the country and Share prices (PSO, HASCOL, SHELL & ATTOCK) has been extracted from Pakistan Stock exchange’s website for the given period whereas the regression method has been used on E View, a statistical software. From the results, it is found that price change in Petrol (PMG) and Diesel (HSD) has significant impact on share prices of PSO and HASCOL scrips on given trading day. Further, price change of PMG positively affects PSO shares however, it negatively effects HASCOL scrips. Similarly, any price change in HSD negatively affects PSO share prices on given trading day. It is also evident that there is no significant impact on oil price change on the scrips of SHELL and APL.